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Causes and Risk Factors of Glaucoma

The exact cause of glaucoma is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of factors. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major contributor, as higher pressure inside the eye can damage the optic nerve over time. Family history also plays a role—having a relative with glaucoma increases your risk. Age is another important factor, with older adults more likely to develop the condition. Race can influence risk as well; certain groups, such as African Americans and Hispanics, are more prone to glaucoma. Additionally, certain medical conditions, including diabetes and high blood pressure, may make individuals more susceptible to developing the disease.

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Prevention of Glaucoma

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent glaucoma, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk and protect your vision. Regular comprehensive eye exams are critical, as they allow your eye doctor to detect changes early, before significant damage occurs. Controlling blood pressure and blood sugar levels, quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy diet, and exercising regularly can all contribute to overall eye health and may help lower the risk of glaucoma. Being proactive about your health is one of the most effective ways to keep your vision safe.

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Symptoms of Glaucoma

Glaucoma often develops slowly, and in its early stages, many people experience no symptoms at all. As the condition progresses, it can begin to affect vision. Common signs include blurred vision, loss of peripheral vision (sometimes referred to as “tunnel vision”), seeing halos around lights, and pain or pressure in or around the eyes. Because glaucoma can progress without noticeable symptoms, regular eye exams are essential for early detection and prevention of vision loss.

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Diagnosis of Glaucoma

Glaucoma is diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam conducted by an ophthalmologist or optometrist. Several specialized tests may be used to evaluate eye health and detect glaucoma. Tonometry measures the pressure inside your eyes, helping to identify elevated intraocular pressure. Ophthalmoscopy allows your doctor to examine the back of your eye and the optic nerve for signs of damage. Visual field testing measures your peripheral vision, which is often affected early in glaucoma. These tests together provide a complete picture of your eye health and allow your doctor to determine the best management plan for you.​​​

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Glaucoma Treatment Options

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There are actually about 50 different types of glaucoma, each with its own causes, characteristics, and patterns of vision loss. While most people are familiar with open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma, other forms include normal-tension, pigmentary, pseudoexfoliative, congenital, and secondary glaucomas related to eye injury, inflammation, or medications. Because each type can progress differently and may require a specific treatment approach, a detailed eye examination and imaging are essential to determine the exact type and best management plan for each individual.

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At East Florida Eye Institute, we understand that every patient’s journey with glaucoma is unique. That’s why we offer a wide range of treatment options designed to lower eye pressure, protect your vision, and fit your individual needs. Treatments may include medicated eye drops, laser procedures, or surgery. After a thorough examination, your ophthalmologist will recommend the approach that’s best for you.

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Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS) with the OMNI Surgical System

Dr. Frenkel specializes in MIGS, a modern approach to glaucoma surgery that is less invasive and often allows for a quicker recovery. Using the OMNI Surgical System, he can restore the eye’s natural drainage system by treating three areas where fluid may become blocked. This outpatient procedure can be performed on its own or at the same time as cataract surgery, giving patients the benefit of addressing both conditions in a single step.

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Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT)

SLT is a gentle laser treatment that helps fluid drain more effectively from the eye, reducing pressure. It can be an excellent alternative to daily eye drops or used alongside them. One of the advantages of SLT is that it can be repeated if needed, making it a flexible option for long-term glaucoma care.

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YAG Laser Iridotomy (YAG PI or Laser Peripheral Iridotomy)

For patients with narrow angles or angle-closure glaucoma, a YAG laser iridotomy may be recommended. In this procedure, a tiny opening is made in the iris (the colored part of the eye) to improve fluid circulation. This helps lower eye pressure and reduces the risk of sudden, severe glaucoma attacks that could damage vision.

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Laser Iridoplasty

Laser iridoplasty is another laser treatment often used for plateau iris or acute angle closure. During the procedure, small spots are applied to the iris to help widen the angle where the iris and cornea meet. By improving fluid outflow, this treatment can effectively reduce eye pressure and protect vision.

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Glaucoma can be a serious condition, but with early detection and proper care, its progression can often be slowed or managed. At East Florida Eye Institute, our team is dedicated to helping patients preserve their vision through thorough evaluations, advanced diagnostic testing, and personalized treatment plans. If you are at risk for glaucoma, or if you notice changes in your vision, we encourage you to schedule an appointment with us. Together, we can monitor your eye health, manage risk factors, and help protect your vision for years to come.

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